the blame and pilot error of the theories that circulated one of them and explosion has been officially ruled. it was established that no traces indicating an explosion was found on the objects that were examined according to the polish pulsing cases office who met with relatives of representatives of the met with relatives of those who were killed on board. the crash back in 2010 instruments. which killed $96.00 people, including the then ponies president. now they said that they can read out chemical and physical investigations that they found no evidence of an explosion on bold the play. now, if he calls on lines back to 2010, this was a disaster that shook both poland and russia, and of course i wrote investigations kindly announced at the time the international aviation committee was one of those that kindly dr. yet on investigation and potent kindly now is own reporting to exactly what happened now they both came with

similar conclusions that this was down to a pilot ever. the conditions were incredibly up for the the pond. it was advice alone to play in an alternative field which he didn't do that was some blaming opponents report which pit try to pin the blame on russian and traffic control was a number. those were prosecuted or charged in poland. now, in 2015, this became something of a political football with the lower and justice party which were in opposition. they came to power and they sold to pin the blame on russian or they came out with all sorts of, uh, uh, funding simple titles of a cover up a collusion would you believe between a don't know task and vladimir putin, of old people and the posts for this claimant that had been an explosion on the play. now that language was quite harsh at times, particularly from potent the defense minister said,

i don't quite him directly. he said in 2015 that the government added by putting to me is fully respect a symbol for this tragedy. then as recently as 2022, he again described it as an active and awful interference by the russian side. and he said the main an indisputable proof of the interference. awesome explosion in the left wing, followed by an explosion in the plains, sent a meeting on board. now that has been dismissed out of hand by this latest report. there was a 7 year inquiry because the lower and development party put on this. so he's the law and justice policy. last, i know during quantity which day most, he's 7 years cost, 23000000 publishes lucky and it really filed to find anything other than the same conclusions of the original reports that this was down to pilot's era. now the commission was liquidated into set, but there was a change of government and the kremlin press spokesman to meet the press. golf has

said that russia has always sought to play down or pose it politicize ation of the cross. and he said that he hopes this latest development will put an end to the inquiry all to use as the sweeney reporting right. the. so here in russia, the most ascension country in the world, obviously the west has tried to cripple that you can all medically but take a look at the latest stats, the i m f. moscow is out performing nearly all of its former western partners. is getting all of that right now. exclusive insight. as we sat down for an interview with the russian senior bank at v e b r f sort of a sort of tried also once of this, the russian deputy minister of finance the 2024 is the year of for us as chairmanship and brooks, some of you may have heard that besides brazil, russia, india, china,

and south africa. the organization now has new members such as egypt, iran, you opiate, and the united arab emirates. so this isn't an easy time for growth, and yet brooks seems to be steadily moving forward. today i have the privilege to speak with the senior banker at the rest of the state development corporation v e v r f. sir, you start check about bricks, sanctions, the declining role of the us dollar, and what lies ahead for the economies around the globe. so again, that they're just of nice. i'm with the opposite. i'm with so again, until you each currently one of the most to discuss topics is the possible confiscation of russian assets by the west. american legislators are discussing transferring these funds to ukraine. you will be in union, they're discussing transferring any profits from the frozen funds to key. and here these are radical, unprecedented measures. but does this mean that essentially all other sanctions have failed? and how can rush or respond see much of significant. he's really got my, let me start a bit from a fall off. i agree that it's likely to most discuss the topic, perhaps,

except for everything related to conflicts. my suspicion is that extreme decisions related to compass stations simply cannot fail to have a negative impact on the central bank. internal policies related to placing temporarily free funds. what will be written that will opt sufficient restrictions be introduced, or some limits set that it's hard to say, but it's a historical fact. we have a completely new situation related to such actions, economic entities, particularly the back v t b have taken steps towards the legal aspects and of trying to protect and secure the assets. i think this is the path we will take. we will see what has accumulated here in the russian federation, in terms of assets of developed country, economic entities, well assets of russian economic entities to be seized. so i guess we will go down this path. it's quite difficult for me to speculate told me is massive since i'm fall from these processes. but in any case, experience will definitely be considered by many of the economies of developed

countries to acts more cautiously with the western financial system. we perhaps with moving towards creating an alternative financial system. it's not about finding the dollar or financial institutions of different countries, but having an option, having the right to choose a menu of choices. everything points to a situation where instead of one international financial system, we will have more, maybe an alternative, maybe even, and not just one, no time to save, nobody's my share of view with others that globalization as a dominant phenomenon, is beginning to recede and regionalization has become the dominant trained countries within a region of forming local markets. and within these markets, there already establishing that local payment and settlement systems, enabling economic entities to trade most smoothly and flexibly with each other. i don't know like what, like, what kind of shows up in the sun. see why different things are so many western sanctions and why have the not succeeded in crippling the russian economy despite all those predictions by so many western officials, did they all know this would happen from the very beginning and were simply

following washington's the end to watch an agenda or did a january, you come as a big surprise to them, but it's in this list and this is a while we want to mention the causal relationships that threatened us with bit some basis. my point of view is very simple. russia has a large economy. furthermore, it's a diversified economy, no matter how much we say we depend on natural results, is primarily oil and gas, which constitute almost off of the federal budget. revenues from the sale of those results is, is now evident in the 21st century that we rely no, certainly on the oil and gas sector. but also on many of the industries that have stood on their own. 2 feet of coast, primarily agriculture, whose export performance has been mentioned as a splendid result of cheap by the government in recent years. this includes the banking services sector in terms of quality, speed of service and the capabilities provided by the banking sector. today we seems to be far ahead of switzerland. i haven't been to europe for a long time, but they say that such financial trend specing payments we easily make every time

using smartphones, phones or q all codes a quite rare in europe. whereas here we have from my diversification perspective, at least 3 strong pillars within the country. and these pillars have proven that viability, there's no comparison with how the banking sector operates in these conditions and how we operate it off to be nice and not ga crisis. when we regressed and started carrying caching out pocket, and of course the industry related to the military industrial complex to show that it can quickly restore production, leading to strong demand for a variety of products driving development. essentially, we largely rely on this demand. these metals rate of elements, electricity, and demand for labor, which is also in short supply. i believe all this has ensured resilience to external pressure. although i also believe one should be fairly restrained in assessments as 2 years of such caution sanctions. and as such, a large economy is still a relatively short period of time looking at a longer term perspective, especially considering the great desire to undermine our financial system. we need

to be, i would prefer ever straightened evaluation of our resilience. this is what is called resilience in english, not sustainability, but specifically resilience resilience to external pressure. the economy numerous enterprises have shown that we can do this. but let's continue to observe weights and prepare personnel just like in the past past. and i'll make all the difference that the current stage, that's my point of view. i understand it's from the lines with what the government is current is saying and dreaming of in terms of retraining, the masses. so the, you know, as it should be waiting, but those, let's briefly discuss the dollar according to an update last year. it's sheer and global currency reserves decreased at 50.31 percent the lowest in 28 years. do you believe this trend will continue considering the sanctions policies and the growing us national debt? which this year is set to exceed spending on defense and can do you want strength? and under these conditions, again, my attitude towards the dollar is security. i think perhaps is an exaggeration,

but the dollar is like impacts. it's like it to this and everyone says, get rid of a dollar, binding the dollar for everything. but was the fault of the acts if it's use not to chop wood, but it's set to shop heads. it all depends on who wields that. the problem is that the financial system, even systems related to transactions to a greater extent. so called financial infrastructure and it's key elements like declaring houses, send full accounts of policies, central deposit trees, but especially correspondence accounts. those are all controlled by authorities and authorities through the supervision mechanisms, potential oversight regulation, or simply through legal means issue relevant instructions and complaints, services of pacific american banks, which process dollar payments comply with these instructions. if they don't comply, then they should be penalties of all the legal entity, the bank itself, west of all, i'll send it affects the specific individual like a credit or payment officer, making those decisions. the problem isn't with the dollar. it's in the financial

infrastructure. more precisely and how the financial infrastructure is utilized for political purposes. as for this indicates a well, the share of the dollar in international reserves has decreased. yes, but that's not the most important factor regarding the dullest influence on the global development and global financial system. i liked the category introduced into circulation by the former governor of the bank of england monk connie. i've known him for a long time and we've had many discussions sort of started using the time dominant cover and say, that's the key point dominant people trying to coordinate something else like the prime rates, most important or something else. reserve currency is understandable. besides the dollar, we also have revenues in europe, chinese young and japanese. yeah. now, but in terms of quality, the main dominance of adults lies in the fact that this currency is the basis for pricing, especially for commodities on exchanges. and at this stage, it's impossible to move away from this. at least we have one good example when a trend began with the use of futures on the shanghai commodity exchange

denominated in the national chinese currency. this is a significant step towards reducing the dominance of the dollar. from my perspective, this is much more important if we want to come back this dominance, then decreasing the dollar share of international reserves. if these trend accelerates, that's one scenario. but we know, for instance, the chinese authorities on pushing for the international lives ation open national currency. for instance, just recently and event representatives of india mentioned that that goal is to internationalize the indian currency as part of the state policy or agenda. while i haven't read such statements related to the people's republic, i'm try it out. moreover, in order to exert significant influence to enter this international circulation, bits of payments, supplements, reserves, or any other purpose, you need to have a trade deficit over time. you'll money, it needs to flow out of the country, creating demand for it. some of that to won't happen. post world war 2 with the american dollars, it will actually became what it is because of a precision us balance of payments deficit and the accumulation of dollars in the

year i started accounts. i understand that the people's republic of china is not ready for that because of questions about trade surplus and consequently a surplus with the balance of payments. all the priority for people's republic of china. i see it is rush, are ready to move away from the dollar and how advisable, infeasible. is this what would be needed for this to happen to, you know, smother you do. what is this about the framing of the issue here? should be old nuanced, often roll russia as a silver an entity practically does not engage in cross border money transfers, except when perhaps we have placed the bones boned obligations in numbers of currency other than faults to repay in service. the participants in currency relations all across the board of financial flows, economic entities. this is the fundamental basis for understanding the situation for many of our exposes and import as a bad thing. the use of the dollar does not entirely fit into that commercial strategies. to put it mildly, therefore, in the absence of pressure from below, no one will certainly go down the path of banning the use of the dollar. if your

tax paid generates value added exports and believes that it's more important to receive compensation for his expenses in this particular currency, no one will him to him. so how can brush of refuse? this is to abstract the arrested goal thoughts. i think we need to come down from this perspective. the main participants in cross board of money flows, all economic entities, not separate entities. they genuinely care about their business, their profits. and if it's beneficial to them, they will never refuse. they will continue to do what they do, have ortho, can you please explain in simple terms of what any can nomic entity is more prepared to enterprises of various legal forms. it could be a corporation, a trading company, a commercial bank, or a non banking commercial organization, all those who state and that funding documents a goal of making a profit. i'll consider economic entities to me like this category. it is the most encompassing. this includes both large and small enterprises, trade industry, transportation, and services of all kinds. these are economic entities,

even an individual entrepreneur and like a plumbing in all case. he's also in the economic and say, well, if he pays taxes, that's good. oh, if he's getting a license, now there's one way to store. so you were saying that the actions of all these legal entities depend more on them and then on the authorities. if of course, at least the government will never allow itself to go against the interests of economic entities, boss, if the government where to take that route, then who would form the tax base? who would pay taxes? if there's no profit, what would you pay from? that's why we have a system when no presentations are in place. and in russia's central bank, governor, mister w, and my, my opinion, has repeatedly stated that there are no restrictions on operations involving evers of currency nor any plant. moreover, as far as i can judge from the press, if the government supports extending the period for a mandatory sale of foreign currency earnings illiterate today, yesterday, there was information then the central bank believes that the time has come to

abolish this norm. well, everyone has their own arguments, the government has its arguments, the central bank has 8, sorry, i want to comment on who's right or wrong here, but the period of a fairly stable rubel. it happened. we live with it forever. yeah. i believe that citizens of most of the satisfied the responsibility predictability in how the ruble exchange rate changes relative to reserve currencies. just never the less that are currently operations and national currencies between wish and china. almost entirely avoiding the use of the dollar and euro in bilateral trade because something similar happened with in bricks yesterday. but some of the data, if we look at the trade flyers, it presented in india. these are trade flows that rely on the dollar. and to assume that again, those same economic entities, all these jurisdictions will decide today that is not interesting, not profitable, and not necessary. is it very difficult for me to, although at the event we had it's cold beat breaks into bank corp mechanism partners in this club, united development banks of 5 countries with hopefully 5 more institutions. joining

us together, they say let's still look at how we will stimulate settlements and national currencies even most i'm not just settlements, but financing investment projects, a national currencies or but this is very logical because if you implemented project in a specific jurisdiction, it's expected that if your project is successful, the sailor products from this blog a fact rates will be a national currencies. accordingly paying off the credit. attracted for this project will be easy and the topic of course, always sounds like how to meet the demand for national currency for an economic and see from a foreign country how they have access to the national financial market. how open it is. we are advanced in this sense, but all markets when breaks a not yet deep and diversified enough for these operations to run smoothly enough. the main advantage of americans live precisely in this, a huge deep market with different participants and most importantly with different opportunities and financial aid from it. definitely there all kinds of them here. this is something we still have to do within the brakes union. i think

a one thing is when you have come and board as have the opportunity to form joint projects when economic entities for 2 countries participate. that's one situation. like what happened with china to joined production, export and import contracts that understandable how they implemented, how they have funded. and the other thing is trading with south africa or trading with brazil where they have completely different logistics completely different supply and demand regarding investment goods. but simpler, withdrawal, materials and energy results is now when it comes to industry head, there are different standards, different measures related to technical compliance and so on and so forth. one of your questions was about forming a customs union. i think that in the near future within breaks mississippi impossible. usually the 1st comes the customs union, then we move on to a free trade zone as was the case. and the razor knew, you can only union. there is a certain sequence here. can you imagine how many economic and commercial ties are needed, the business pressure from below to full? so authorities to engage in this way, i can phone the corresponding agreements which should be multi lateral,

not biological, but multi lateral. i would prefer it more if within the brakes of lines we managed to united lee and energetic the act within our international trade organization, which, judging by the reports coming in is currently going through challenging times. i'm talking about the world trade organization, how to modernize it, and how to manage the strong dominance of the united states, which has prevented arbitrations were being appointed. and many processes had been sold. that would probably be a more pragmatic golden thinking in terms of a free zone. and i have heard about this idea of from south africa, but it is a broad, the small economy, as they say themselves, do not do us as just an economy. as south africa, we represent the interest of being tiny african continent. well, that's that stance. so that's why you said he believed creating a single currency with embrace was a utopia for me. i remember that statement. it also had the words at the current stage or to and the future. and no one can say in which direction doug development book guides, county right now here, and i'll building the focus is on creating the most favorable conditions for using

natural currencies and for settlements and mutual trade and investment. so this is the main task. meanwhile, in the background, there are many ideas and proposals related to incorporating digital currencies or digital assets into this turnover. as all the central bank likes to say, i don't know, to what extent do you sold these block drank technologies and all these exhausting components where the naval operations on huge done or is optimal is trade? it's billions. it's one thing to have one. it sounds like there were billions in one, it's 2, but that's billions, not hundreds of billions. to assume that these modern technologies won't be able to replace these fit currencies that we currently rely on. the lowest of large numbers . they live that life. maybe something will happen, but certainly not non lifetime. i think in all lifetime we will continue to rely on fed carnes, a transactional bridges to special funds related to these i t. technologies will be formed. the perspective is very strong, that even id companies will significantly push banks with the financial markets, or banks themselves will start transforming into i t corporations. everything is

moving towards that it mean clearly the trend is in that direction. how fast that this will happen? well, i don't know, it's impossible to predict that for a non, for in your question, i would still reiterate that at the current stage, the priority is suffering payments in national currencies, normal discussions regarding a common currency in the brings unions may take place at the level of academic circles or the level of authorities, primarily money, tre, authorities, central banks, considering the session of a new group to the union. it's clear that the task is becoming even more complicated. although the task associated with expanding the practice of using national currencies can be somewhat facilitated with more participants, more practiced, a more experience. there may be more opportunities when you make money from supplying goods to one country. in simple changes, we have the option to spend the funds in another country in the same currency. so such opportunities will begin to a much more familiar bug. you mentioned to be briggs to develop and bank competes with or be more attractive than the i and that's why i'm gonna give it to you. but

it's in the book. there is no breaks development bank. there is a new development bank. that's the official name of the international organization that we negotiate. just having with this name was. this is a new development bank. yes, it's found is all members of the bricks grouping? why is it new? how did it come about? well, it happened because they tried to find some terminology related to describing what breaks is, what the times, what somewhat awkward. so i'm presenting, colleagues, propose a workable time. let's coordinate the new bank room just so others don't feel left out on the yellow. well, yes, they started working on it. what's new about it? first of all, the group agreed that each member would have an equal amount of capital and consequently an equal number of votes. this is unprecedented. everybody else, the more you have, the more about you get since i want for them all, they agreed that the banks presidency would write site every 5 years in a set order. every 5 years, a representative from one of the founders would step down best innovation. i know

the innovation involves the rotation of vice president. the roles, all the vice presidents are divided. someone is responsible for the credit operations, someone for a while and others, but managing temporary surplus funds for handling treasury functions. all these roles must be rights. i did every 5 years and perhaps the most important novelty of this institutions is that one can join the composite by invitation only. so if you want to join any other multi lateral bank, if you apply on the process begins, applications, don't what you need to be invited. would you need to be a member of brooks for this? no, no, we have bangladesh, for example. it's not the brakes man, but we've just to put an order in this sense russian has for given that's to many countries, especially too many african partners or is that what benefits it is moscow gain from this store, which is good that you would least use this idea in the past tense, indeed, everything has been written off. well, if not everything, they're all remnants. but hey, you need to remember one thing. russia went toward cycling or writing of debts from

lines provided by the soviet union. that's it. this is the key point from this to move things to such fact as need to be understood. firstly, historically, the soviet union wasn't particularly concerned about the issue over the payment of lines. roughly speaking, they ones especially attentive, political and strategic tell us related to presence in africa. well being addressed and accordingly, legs were grounded, but these were always cycled tied loans. no actual money was given machinery equipment, food was sent. soviet enterprises would, lo did they receive money and goods was applied, that institution, external economic bank, all the soviet union recorded the equipment value of the supplies against the debt agreeing on a schedule for the return of these funds, these labels, well then it continued from that that's the 1st part. the 2nd important aspect to is that we spend so being roubles or rather not wait, but the finance ministry, but don't is all some of the currency was set aside for the debt as an interesting exchange rate. therefore,

they began to recalculate the debt denomination in dollars denominated in roubles in to dollars, we calculated the dollar is $67.00 carfax, and in reality, how much was it back then? when in reality, there was no market. so the debt recorded as $100000000.00 roubles, turned into $140000000000.00 bullet. therefore, when they talk about these commercial vital, so you need to evaluate the circumstances depending on the context. if you are somewhere presenting and talking about how cool we are in terms of rights, also you can say that, but in all conversation, you see i'm saying it this way. and another fact more regarding the russian federation to normalize financial relations with many states. if you don't have regulated relations, including those related to debt, you or we at a minimum cannot provide new loans. plus we made concessions because far from old debts as to the former soviet union degrade with the assumption that russia is the rightful successor to these assets. well, some neighbors were reluctant and came to capitals and argued that they to, from their factory supplied goods. and so they also have the right to make

a claim that's why it was necessary to settle the relationships. and during the settlement, we negotiate to the exchange rate and that we apply the official exchange rate for combining ruble obligations in dollars name return. of course we and to discount the received amount within the framework of i primary upfront discount. economically speaking, everything is perfectly fine. i don't see any problems. let me join the powers club of credit as we watch, like everyone else within the club framework under a principle of solidarity. yes, much had to be written off spot in commercial times. this is called hopeless debt obligations. you can keep them on the books and definitely no one will work on that with the government emphasized as pragmatic approach. but yeah, i personally messed up a lot. my wife scolds me about it. what options you have quite an interesting story . good if this is a good, she said you gave 3000000000 to the ukrainians. why? that's when we bought year, right? bones full, 3000000000 and i would just like to express it. so i wanted to ask,

could you these neighbors also forgive soviet union? instead, i see opinion one of us, no, but we took everything for ourselves. russia assumed the obligations of the former soviet union instead. consequently, we also took on all the assets, colleagues from the c, a s in general. we're not complaining. it told everyone a great funny because they had in this stage of national sovereignty where they had no debt obligations of goals, feel free to go to the markets engaged in activities and so on and so forth. good, good, good. so again, i thought it was thank you so much for your time. in the the at the end of the 18th century,

great britain began to conquer and colonize australia. from the very beginning of the british penetration to the continent, natives were subjected to severe violence and deliberate extra patient. according to modern historians, in the 1st 140 years, there were at least 270 massacres of local depot. any resistance to the british was answered with double cruelty. hundreds of natives were killed for the murder of one settler. indigenous australians were not considered complete people. no wild beast of the forest was ever hunted down with such unsparing perseverance as they are. men, women and children are shot whenever they can be met with squatter, henry, my rake wrote in a letter to his family in england, in $1846.00 plus strategy as fast as these rightly described as blood soaked in races. if at the beginning of colonization, there were one and a half 1000000 indigenous people living on the continent, then by the beginning of the 20th century,

their number had degrees still 100000 people. despite the indisputable historical facts, the problem of old recognition of the crimes of white australians against aborigines has not been resolved so far. the business of assisting us can do i just need to talk with key at the washington state. the girls to complete was recently of us both of those guys are still following up. send that to you for the list of over, but huge because they used the

the relief against the oldest foot. some many guys who do find their loved ones to live for the site cannot be cited for so many. it comes off to a refugee camp is attacked, and then the latest round of his riley bombing come come here, says israel must pay the price for it was a jump out of the $1.00 announcing he's putting the brakes on bilateral trade with tennessee saying the 10s of thousands have been killed in gaza. warranty for would be additional value to it. and but you also to do the same in the trash. it is a controversial us state department report on human rights violations around the world, which has most certainly prompted claims. all supply of.