♪ amna: good evening. i'm amna nawaz geoff:. and i'm geoff bennett.

violence about that ucla has campus protests over the war in gaza intensified. amna: new details in former president trump's own words about what he would do with a second term in the white house. quick they continue to more aggressive. they continue to work for the benefit of an authoritarian society. >> major funding for "the pbs

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newshour." there were arrests again today at a number of college campuses after protests led to heated confrontations between demonstrators and law enforcement. amna: the decision by college officials to call in police and when to do so has debated in a number of states. arrests played out dramatically in both new york and los angeles, but they are by only means the -- they are by no means the only ones. >> demonstrations that ucla took a turn overnight as clashes erupted at an encampment of palestinian protesters. when counter protesters began dismantling barriers around the camp. >> somebody just got ambushed. amna: for hours. a representative said police were called in only after

several days of negotiations failed and the building occupation pushed the university to the brink. she went on to say students and outside activists breaking hamilton hall doors, mistreating public safety officers and maintenance staff and damaging property are acts of destruction, not political speech. blocks away, police faced another group of protesters at the city college of new york. today, the mayor of new york city set about 300 people had been arrested overnight in both campuses and underscored his concern about outside agitators joining in campus protests. >> our goal is to make sure -- there have been people we have been watching and organizations that are not part of the campus. we have been very clear that individuals and organizations that are not students, we have seen the shift and tactics that are being used. >> some students expressed concern about the police response.

>> it's hard to say how many people have been injured or how many people i saw getting injured, but we know at least some of the police action that we saw yesterday was pretty aggressive. >> with larger protests at columbia university sparked in mid april, they have spread to campuses across the country. according to "the washington post," police have made more than 1200 arrests in the past two weeks alone. confrontations with law enforcement at the university of wisconsin madison, police work to move tents and made at least a dozen arrests. >> this is the louisiana state police. >> in new orleans, police arrested six people at tulane university. seven others were suspended. as protests from coast-to-coast continue to sustain and in some cases grow. for a closer look at when and how police are involved in these protests, and joined by a

distinguished lecturer at georgetown university's law center who previously served as president at brandeis university , and by the former commissioner of the boston police department from 2006 to 2013. he is now president and ceo of the edward davis company, a business strategy and security services firm. welcome to you both. what is your reaction to how you are seeing when and how university officials are deciding if and when to invite police and law enforcement on campus? >> i think some campuses, law enforcement are invited on to fast. law enforcement is available. that should always be the last resort. you should always try to address these problems and situations within the university if you possibly can. that means faculty, staff, and public safety at universities. at universities like mine, my public safety officers were deputized officers but we still did not go on campus unless we absolutely had to. i'm not suggesting that never happens. just that it cannot be where you

start. amna: do you agree that in some cases, police are being called in to quickly? >> i agree that we should be a last resort, but we have seen some pretty outrageous behavior. it certainly is up to the college president to make the call. the question is -- when does the behavior go beyond free speech and start to infringe on other people's rights? when that happens, campus police are ill-suited to do what needs to be done with these large protests simply because of staffing. they are very professional, very well-trained, and know what they are doing, but they need more people. amna: what is that last resort line for you back blocking access to university buildings, violence of some kind? >> there's two issues. i think he is quite right that there are lines where you cross over free speech into disorderly behavior. that's blocking access to buildings as well as engaging in threatening and violent behavior. when you cross over that line,

speech can be restricted. it does not necessarily mean you should immediately reach out to law enforcement. there are certain situations where you can or must. part of this, too, is by the time it comes to that, there were probably opportunities in the past that were not taken. even now as hard as it is at this moment, we should be thinking about the lessons learned. amna: opportunities in the past like what? >> real preparation for this events takes place weeks, months, sometimes years in advance. on my on campus at brandeis, presidents of the student government that i had a close working relationship so by the time something like this happens, it's a little late to say i am president lawrence, i am sorry we have not met. it will not solve our problems, but it will solve a surprising number. amna: once police have been called in, once the line has been crossed, walk us through

the protocol. should there be an assumption that because they are there to disband the group or remove an encampment that there will be some kind of use of use of force? >> not necessarily. in our own backyard recently at northeastern, we saw a very controlled, very polite process of dismantling the encampment. state police were called in to assist university police, and i think the important difference was that the students and protesters had made a decision to be arrested and to go peacefully, so if you encounter no resistance, and i have done this before, protest groups have said, we want to be arrested, so we do that, and it's a very civil, orderly process. the problem comes when there is a number of the individuals involved who have other ideas or other objectives. the mayor of new york mentioned today, people from outside the university -- and i totally agree that the prior

conversations with university students and personnel does make all the difference. you cannot make a relationship in a crisis. if you have a relationship and you are talking to the students, that is fine. the other factor is other individuals who are coming in. some are anarchists. some have other objectives. you cannot negotiate with people who want to fight. amna: we did hear mayor adams specifically call out outside agitators. we have seen law enforcement leaders and national security leaders saying there could be more involvement of these kind of actors in political protests and gatherings of this sort. how worried are you about their involvement in these protests and what that means for the future? >> it changes the whole formula in dealing with it. we track these groups all the time. i've been dealing with them since occupy boston many years ago. they are organized, dangerous, and they have an agenda, and when they get into the mix, it

changes the ability to speak logically with people. it's about having a moment in the sun, having the fight to occur and be part of it. amna: how do outside infiltrators change the equation for universities. >> he is quite right. when you have outside people, it does change the equation. first, i would add we have to be very careful about loosely talking about outside agitators. that has long been an explanation for oppressing protesters. i'm not saying that is not the situation here. i just think one -- one should appreciate it with skepticism. you put a campus in lock mode so a student has to have an id to let someone in. a student could let someone in, but you have made it much harder to do that. when there are soft versions of arrest even by campus security and where someone shows a

student id card and they are in immediate release, they don't, then they get into detention, that is a different way to deal with that. look at example like northwestern university, light brown where they worked out deals with the students. i'm sure part of the discussion was, we will do a deal with you, you bring in people from the outside, all bets are off. amna: do you see protests slowing down or winding down any time soon? >> i think a lot depends on international events. the situation in the middle east, if there's some type of moderation of the hostilities, i think this could calm down. however, this is an election year, and that will be weighed in the process. we will see what happens. we've got to get through graduations. in the summer times when there are not as many people on

campus, the focus of the protests may move somewhere. amna: thank you, gentlemen, to you both. i appreciate your time. geoff: amid the campus unrest in the u.s., secretary of state antony blinken spent this day in israel insisting the time is now for a cease-fire. he spoke with prime minister benjamin netanyahu and visited and aid crisis center in gaza. >> it hamas actually purports to care about the palestinian people and wants to see an immediate alleviation of their suffering, it will take the deal. if it doesn't, i think that is further proof that it does not care a bit. geoff: the prime minister's

office insisted that israel still needs to assault the city of rafa to finish off hamas, but blinken said the u.s. has not received any israeli plan for attacking rafa in southern gaza that accounts for the safety of civilians. hundreds of thousands of palestinians are sheltering in rafa amid airstrikes that killed two more children overnight and despite fears of an israeli ground offensive. >> we are afraid at any moment that there will be an invasion of rafah, and even if the invasion happens, we do not where to go. there is no safe place left. god willing there will be a truce. >> palestinian officials say the war in gaza has killed more than 21,005 hundred people to date and how must terrorists killed some 1200 people in the october raid in israel that sparked the war.

in the day's other headlines, the federal reserve left its key interest rate unchanged, acknowledging that inflation remains stubbornly high. that in turn jeopardizes plans to cut rates three times this year. fed chair jerome powell said he still expects inflation to drop this year closer to the goal of 2%, but there's no sign yet of that. >> we did not see progress in the first quarter, and i said that it appears that it will take longer for us to reach that point, so i don't know how long it will take. i can just say that when we get that confidence then rate cuts will be in the scope. i don't know exactly when that will be. >> powell did say it's unlikely the fed's next move will be a rate increase. there have been major developments on abortion policy on two fronts today. in florida, a ban on abortion

after six weeks of pregnancy took effect with exceptions for rape, incest, and the life of the mother. the vice president visited jacksonville today and announced new. voters will decide if they will at abortion rights to the state constitution this november. the arizona state senate voted today to overturn an abortion ban that went -- from 1864. three republicans crossed party lines. the law provides no exceptions for rape and incest. in congress, far right republican marjorie taylor greene is vowing she will forge ahead with trying to oust house speaker mike johnson. many republicans still support johnson and democrats now say they will oppose efforts to remove him, but today outside the capital, greene announced she will call for a vote next week unless johnson quits. >> he can pray about it all weekend, give her your

conference time to elect a new leader, new speaker of the house. he should reject the endorsement of hakeem jeffries and the entire democrat leadership team. that is not an endorsement that any republican speaker should ever want or embrace. geoff: for his part, house minority leader hakeem jeffries said it's time for democrats to help restore oil in the dashboard or in the house. >> house republicans are either unwilling or unable to get marjorie taylor greene in the extreme maga republicans under control, so it's going to take a bipartisan coalition and partnership to accomplish that objective. geoff: house speaker johnson raised republican critics last month when he used democrat support to push through aid for ukraine. united methodist church delegates have repealed a long-standing ban on lgbtq clergy. the vote came today at the national gathering in charlotte,

north carolina. delegates also barred regional leaders from punishing clergy who officiate same-sex weddings. all this comes as many conservatives have left the church in recent years. protesters around the world poured into the streets to advocate labor rights on this may day. valles popped up from sri lanka, a country struggling through economic crisis, to paris where workers demanded age -- wage rights ahead of the summer games. in turkey, police arrested more than 250 people after clashes broke out near the city's main square. in kansas, a town of just 700 people is in mourning tonight after a tornado killed one person and blasted homes into ruins. last night's storms ripped through westmoreland about 50 miles per hour through topeka. officials said 22 homes were destroyed with more than 100 others damaged. former students at a now defunct chain of colleges will have $6 billion of federal student loan

debts canceled over allegations of fraud. the biden administration says it is writing off loan debt to some 300,000 people who attended the art institutes. federal officials say the school lied about their job prospects. and on wall street, stocks surged for correction. the dow jones industrial average gained 87 points to close at $37 -- 37,903. still to come, a government task force releases new breast cancer screening guidelines, and work in rwanda to develop a climate friendly approach to help farmers. >> this is "the pbs newshour," from weta studios in washington and in the west from the walter cronkite school of journalism at arizona state university. geoff: donald trump was out of the courtroom and back on the

campaign trail today in wisconsin, but the -- with a familiar refrain about undocumented immigrants. >> we are going to have the largest deportation in the history of our country. geoff: it was the latest example of policies he would like to implement if elected, and it follows a wide-ranging interview with "time" magazine that sparked headlines about what he would do in a second term. lisa desjardins joins us now. there's an luck in this interview, but let's start with how donald trump would staff his administration in what sounds like a litmus test. lisa: "time" magazine said this was someone who plans to ramp up and intensified, not soften what he is doing, and that's where we get to 2020. he again reputed the idea that the -- repeated the idea that the election was stolen from him. though there is plenty of evidence that goes the other way, that the 2020 election was one of the most well regarded and well monitored elections in

u.s. history. "time" magazine are asking people to apply for jobs if they think joe biden won the election. i asked former president trump what he thought about the idea, and the interviewer said his response gave him a sharp impression. >> he wants to go into a second term and consolidate power into the office of the presidency so that he can remove the bar -- the guardrails that stood in his way from implementing his agenda the last time he was in office. it seems he would not be inclined to come out and hire anyone who has admitted that donald trump last the last election. i think he is planning to fill the most important offices in the executive branch with true believers of the maga doctrine. >> there's a reason that is called the big lie, because that go to our democracy itself.

here, former president trump is saying, i might not hire anyone who thinks otherwise. i need people to support the idea that only i can win, only i have ever won. >> another topic, immigration and the border. this has been a cornerstone of his campaign. >> this gets to migrants. he is becoming more militant and more martial in what he is talking about. he's calling for nothing less than the largest deportation in american history. he gave more details, specifically using these numbers, 15 million to 20 million people is what the former president told "time" magazine. he said he would use local law enforcement and the military, national guard. did not get into many details, but was asked specifically about how that reconciles with u.s. law which says the military cannot be used against civilians. he says of migrants, these are not civilians. these are not people that are

legally in our country. he said i can see myself using the national guard and go a step further. this is invoking obviously marshall powers we have not really seen in this issue at all. as far as what he have mass detention camps, he said possibly but does not think they are needed. i will say, right now, the u.s. is allowing more space for migrant detention, something this president and congress are doing, but that is to the tune of a few thousand. he's talking about millions, deportation that almost has no comparison point in terms of forced movement of people in -- on a global scale. >> on abortion, we have seen donald trump shift his stance seemingly to match with the kinds of voters he is trying to win over. he has in the past taking credit for overturning roe. now he says he disagrees with florida's six-week abortion ban. what is he saying now? >> you are right, this is a tricky issue for this president.

on this one, he is consistently saying and it again in this interview, he wants to leave it to the state. that is because his own personal view that he has expressed that a six-week-ban is too far is something that is a problem with those on the right. he was asked some specific questions, and i want to get into if of those that stood out in this interview. he was asked, should states monitor pregnancies to determine if an abortion happened in a state where it is illegal. trump responded, i think they might do that. then, should states prosecute women for abortions. he said the states are going to say it is irrelevant, if i'm comfortable or not. again, this is a consistent states will do what they should do from the president. it's a policy proposal and also political. it is incredibly noticeable, if he is a president who vetoes legislation or not, he is the leader of a republican party

making his statement. this is a picture of a president who is ramping up his aggression or his aggressive tactics as a president, trying to consolidate executive power before he even comes into office. i will say it was a wide-ranging interview. he went into details on economic policy, and his ideas on tariffs, this was not all about cultural hotspots, and it is with people looking at this interview to understand what he says he would do as president, but overall, this is someone who wants to take the republican party even further into this direction where it must do exactly what he says and be more aggressive about it. he said this could be more of a stress test for republicans, especially those in office. geoff: trump blocks out the sound of all other republicans in the party. he expect the party will adopt his view, his language, his approach, and he very much demands fealty from leaders

inside the party. one of the challenges for a trump presidency will be the idea that an executive equal to the legislative branch is going to be a challenge. meantime, we have new polling results that look at how and which americans believe what donald trump said. >> truth is a big part of this, and we wanted to ask voters and americans. 31% of people we pulled who are definitely planning to vote, 31% said they believe he is speaking mostly the truth. 34% he say he is speaking mostly falsehoods. those in the middle that we don't put there are those who say sometimes it is some of each, but it's interesting on the two poles that we think 1/3 of americans believe he speaks mostly the truth. if you look at this more in -depth, you see a gender gap.

men are the ones most likely to believe what former president trump says. look at that -- 45% of women overall believe he speaks mostly falsehoods, that he does tell lies. one other thing -- how about strengthening democracy or not? we ask voters -- these are definite voters -- what they think about president trump and president biden. they felt 38% that former president trump is someone who would strengthen democracy if reelected. look at that, president biden, 35% would likely strengthen democracy. this is a tricky number because a lot of voters who entered the pole believe that president biden would keep things as it was, but we wanted to raise this because it shows many definite voters believe trump would strengthen democracy. more believe he would weaken it, but there is a significant core out there who believe he would strengthen it. geoff: thank you for joining us.

lisa: you're welcome. ♪ amna: a key scientific panel has updated its recommendations on breast cancer screenings. more on the changes that could potentially save thousands of lives. >> the u.s. preventative services task force is now recommending that all women start getting biennial mammograms starting at age 40 until they turn 75. the new guidelines replace those from 2016 which recommended biennial mammograms starting at age 50 and said that starting the earlier should be a matter of choice, but new guidelines are so out of step with some major medical associations and cancer advocacy groups. the chair of the u.s. preventive services task force joins me now. thank you so much. why did uscf make these recommendations and how many lives will it save? >> we know breast cancer is the

second most common cancer in women. the latest science clearly shows that starting at age 40 and screening every other year to age 74 can save more lives from breast cancer and in fact can save up to nearly 20% more lives. this corresponds to about 25,000 more women whose lives are saved. we think that is a huge win for women. >> these lines are out of step with some advocacy groups. >> i think that they missed the mark in a number of ways. the largest way being every two-year screening interval, which experts like myself will tell you that annual screening mammography saves the most lives. these guidelines do not endorse supplement to screening in women with dense breast tissue, and i think that is the major downfall of these recommendations. >> i want to ask first about the

two-year interval. you actually said in a recent interview that annual screening might find some cancers earlier. why not recommend annual breast screening? >> the role of the task force is to look for the strongest evidence possible to help guide women as to how they should be screened and how often. we recently looked at the evidence a little bit across all the evidence comparing the benefits and harms of different screening strategies. we found and much more favorable balance of benefits and harms for individuals undergoing screening every other year compared to annually. >> what are some of those homes? >> the first leading harm can be a harm of potentially false positives. we found that if you compare annual screening to every other year screening, women who undergo annual screenings are 50% more likely to have a false-positive result. it means the next step may be a breast biopsy that could otherwise be normal and that they underwent an unnecessary

biopsy. it can also lead to issues of overdiagnosis and overtreatment and possibly exposure to treatments that may have some harmful side effects. we compared the balance of benefits and harms and it's a more favorable balance for every other year screening. >> when weighing the potential for false positives against the potential for catching some cancers earlier, what was that calculation? >> with annual screening, you're looking at perhaps you may detect the cancer earlier, but the issue remains if annual screening correlated with reducing mortality. you might have a slight benefit to annual screening, but the harms of annual screening in terms of false positives and a downstream consequences of that outweigh the potential benefit. >> is there evidence to show there is no correlation between catching cancers earlier and reduction of mortality? >> we do want to catch cancers as early as possible. we care about women and want

women to get the best care possible. again, it's a matter of balancing benefits and harms. we compare screening every other year and every year and when we look at that balance of what benefit you may gain with screening annually compared to those harms, the harms far outweighed the benefit. >> the other thing dr. roth brought up was breast density, which are harder to read on mammograms. why not make more specific recommendations for dense breasts, for which sometimes m.r.i.'s or ultrasounds, secondary screening is indicated. quickly no up to 50% of women in the u.s. can have dense breasts -- >> we know up to 50% of women in the u.s. can have dense breasts. the question is if additional imaging, mri, and ultra sound can help women with dense breasts live longer lives. how often should we recommend

m.r.i. or ultrasound? so many criminal -- critical questions that have not been answered and for which we need additional science, additional evidence. the task force is calling urgently for research in this area. they want researchers to make it a priority. in the interim time, they should have a conversation to decide if at this point they should move forward in additional screening. >> you have to ask about the answers out there, the european society of radiology do recommend annual secondary screening for women whose breasts have been shown to be dense. what additional evidence is required? >> we believe women need the strongest possible evidence out there to help guide their decisions. in the task force, we looked diligently for evidence to help us make the recommendation as to how additional imaging should be done for women with dense

breasts, and currently, the evidence just is not there. we really believe women need the science as the basis and rationale for the basis to make additional screening. >> how do you see the role of the u.s. tpf in the context of other guidance that is out there for women? >> it is true there are variations in guidance. i think our recommendations have more similarities with other groups versus differences. again, we look across the entire scope of evidence that we have available. we have looked at the comparative benefits and harms. whenever we make a recommendation for preventive service, we want to look at both sides of the equation. >> thank you very much for joining us. >> thank you for having me. ♪

>> the biden administration calls the people's republic of china the only country with the will, the intent, and the military strength to change the world order. the u.s. military officer responsible for china and the vast area from hawaii to india is stepping down this week after three years and a 40-year career. he spoke in his final interview with nick schifrin in honolulu. >> the military calls it and no pacific command. it covers half the surface area of the planet and more than 60% of the world's economy and population -- the military calls it indo pacific command. in the three years since he has been in command, the men in the positions as china has built more than 3 million aircraft, 20 million warships and doubled its military. he says the u.s. and its

partners and allies must go faster. >> as i look over my past three years, the security environment has changed drastically and not in a good way. when you look at the p.r.c. as the most concerning security threat that exists, they continue to be more aggressive in a variety of areas. they are challenging the current international rules to benefit an authoritarian society that does not provide a benefit for anyone else in the region. they have expanded their military capability. their verbalization is more aggressive and their action is more aggressive, and they have no accelerated or dangerous. >> perhaps most dangerous in the philippines. china boasted a philippine boat with water cannons in the scarborough shoal which china claims as its own. it also claims the second thomas scholl where chinese boats have ran philippine boats trying to resupply a ship the philippines intentionally grounded. the u.s. acknowledges it is

obligated to defend the philippines. >> are chinese actions increasing the chances of u.s.-chinese conflict? >> chinese actions are certainly destabilizing to the region. they are putting at risk the philippine coast guardsmen, sailors, and those fishermen that operate in their exclusive economic zone within the full rights of the philippines. >> if one of these incidents becomes a deadly and that becomes a very serious challenge for the u.s. and the military? >> it could absolutely be a challenge for the united states and military policy level. again, it's the philippines today where we have to highlight the fact that china has these same claims throughout the entire south china sea. >> you recently said the chinese "believe they can get away with it." does that mean they have not paid enough price for their action? >> they have clearly made a risk determination that taking

further action is to the benefit of their strategic action. their actions tell a story, as i look at it. >> in about three weeks, taiwan inaugurates a new president. beijing calls him a dangerous separatist. you recently called out increasingly aggressive coercion and pressure by beijing toward taipei. what do you expect from beijing around inauguration day? >> what i will say is united states policy toward taiwan has not changed. the united states supports a peaceful resolution of this dispute. the issue here is we are not in the free of coercion space. in other places, we are watching more closely --

>> somewhere close to taiwan then taipei? >> that's correct. operations in spaces that have been designed to separate our forces, those are being challenged. >> some experts say the u.s. have not done enough, but that theory has been proven in ukraine. >> they have absolutely taken steps in the wake of the ukraine invasion to number one, understand that the unthinkable is potentially real, and they have taken all the right steps as it applies to their defense. they get a choice on what they should buy, how they should work it, how they integrate it and how they deliver it, and again, under the taiwan relations act. when you look at the indopacom aor here --

>> thanks to bilateral and multilateral agreements in part designed to complicate beijing's war planning. >> what i want is for all of these nations to be able to work together if need be to support each other when required, if it's humanitarian assistance or for the united states to execute our module defense -- mutual defense response abilities. >> china as that has its own expanding alliance. >> you recently testified that china has helped russia rebuild and reconstitute its defense industrial base. >> what i can watch from this site is the ability of beijing to utilize a cover up civil military fusion to be able to provide capabilities to the russians below the level of direct lethal aid. again, that is this no limits relationship that we should be concerned about. >> a u.s. official gave me this

detail -- china has sent russia billions of dollars worth of machine tools that russia has likely use to build muscles. it almost sounds like the kind of partnership that nixon and kissinger were able to prevent in the cold war. >> in the words of xi jinping, this is a relationship not seen in 100 years. those are his words, and the actions supported. >> north korea has supplied russia with short range ballistic missiles in addition to millions of artillery shells. are you concerned as a two-way street, that north korean missiles, which are not particularly good, get battle tested in ukraine by russia and therefore destabilize? >> absolutely. first of all, when you talk about authoritarian nations, no one ever does anything to help anyone else for the goodness of the other person. there is a quid pro quo that applies, so we are concerned

about the access to increased technology in north korea, but the main theme that is really concerning that everyone has to see, it links authoritarian nations in ways we have not seen in our history in a long time. >> last week, president biden signed into law a bill that would require tiktok's chinese owner to divest or face a ban. if you don't mind me asking a slightly personal question, would you let your family is tiktok? >> i have encouraged my daughters not to. there is a risk. the intelligence gathering risk, the information, misinformation, and disinformation transmission risk that we see. >> would your daughters listen to you? >> no one in my house listens to me. this is my place of sanity. >> at joint base, the guided

missile has just replaced. >> the more aggressive rhetoric and certainly the more aggressive actions over my three years have led me to a place where the synchronization of our force is required, and the best way to do that is by putting in place a standing joint task force to totally and seamlessly integrate our operations, actions, and plans in order to be postured. >> standing here three years later, what have you not accomplished? >> what i would say has been consistent over three years, i have not been able to drive the entire machine -- entire regime -- try the entire machine to move faster. i don't think it has accelerated enough across all domains and all areas to be able to, no

kidding, accelerate the delivery of deterrent effects and ultimately posture ourselves in a position that is really where we need to be in this current security environment. we all have to continue to go faster. >> do you think you have a legacy? >> everyone gets a legacy, if they like it or not. i could not be more proud to have been serving with and serving alongside the 380,000 u.s. service members in this region. >> thank. >> thanks, nick. amna: the african continent faces challenges as varied as its vast land mass, some three times the size of the united states, but once shared challenged by all 54 countries is food security, how to feed a

population of 1.2 billion people that is expected to double by 2050. >> this picturesque 3000-acre campus represents a $100 million effort to bring a piece of nebraska to rwanda, a land whose history and geography could not be more distant from the american midwest. on one small plot, a harvest of corn or maize is being brought in by students whose days are split between farm chores and a rigorous curriculum of biology and mathematics. the rwanda institute for agriculture was inaugurated in 2019, aiming to transform a profession that employs the vast majority of africa's population. for most, farming is an -- an

eternal struggle to earn a living and respect. you will never find a young person on a poster or flyer about agriculture, says one student. >> only people from rural areas can find cool guys on those posters. >> guys from this group are arguably cool, academic high achievers among 84 chosen each year from more than 3000 applicants. many come from urban and middle-class families that climb the socioeconomic ladder and leave behind the agricultural traditions of their grandparents. >> when you come from engineers, royals, to tell them you dream of agriculture, they think you are crazy. >> before coming here, how many of you had ever milked a cow? did you get any milk? >> when they graduate, they will be expected to know not only how

to milk cows or raise poultry, but to think innovatively about how to make agriculture more and sustainably productive. the curriculum for their bachelor's degrees was designed in partnership with the university of with the where of one man from that state's most famous family, one who is no stranger to africa. >> i have been to every country on the continent, matter-of-fact, and we have worked in about 44 countries. >> howard buffett is the 69-year-old son of billionaire investor warren buffett who is getting much of his fortune to his children's charitable foundations. howard has focused substantially on food security. >> owns all the places we have worked where we have seen really got conflict, i can tell you that one denominator is people are not getting the food they need to get. >> in addition to unsettled conflict and weather, he says

the conflict has few temperate zones ideal for stable crops and systems to transport, store, and market food are also insufficient. rwanda, with political instability, was a good place to start building a system, he says, but daunting nonetheless. >> most of the entire country is made up of small, local farmers. if we can get it right in rwanda, we can get it right anywhere. >> rwanda has a landmass about the size of new hampshire with up to 10 times the population, about 13 million people. despite progress that has been made at slowing the growth rates, the population is expected to double by 2015. >> not all of your students are going to become jobseekers. they have to become job creators. that is our end goal. >> studied at texas a&m and is the deputy vice chancellor.

>> we are trying to teach them entrepreneurial skills, business skills, but also sufficient technical skills to implement themselves or to go work for somebody to make sure that they have added value to whatever they seek -- to wherever they seek employment. >> they want to be able to provide safe food. >> safe food comes with careful processing says a senior who wants to one day start her own business and also wants to reduce waste, finding new uses for, say, dairy byproduct. >> there are whey proteins that remain and can be used to feed the pigs because they are nutritious. >> one who hoped to be an engineer before coming here plans to employ similar skills in agriculture. >> i hope to own a company where we can use sensors and other technologies to conserve the

environment and water, to become more productive. >> others have their own ideas toward the same goal. >> hopefully earn more money through agricultural activities and as well as integrating animal livestock. >> the thing i want to do ideally in five years is to teach kids and introduce agriculture and farming practices to kids when they are still young. >> what you make agents of -- they want to make agents of alumni. >> maybe they do not have access to the right fertilizers. our job is to listen to them, assess what is right, and then help them improve on what is not right. >> is exactly the model of universities like nebraska and minnesota, whose agricultural research provides systems to

farmers. >> every country in africa is its own version of a land-grant university. very importantly, it would be informed by and designed for local needs, local research, and local extension. that is what the land-grant university in america was built on. >> unlike america where farms have gotten larger and farmers fewer in number, he says rwanda's priority is to sustain small, rural farms, which have struggled in many developing nations, driving tens of millions of people into overcrowded cities. the focus is on conservation agriculture, planting fields without tilling. the widespread practice, especially in the u.s. that erodes and depletes the soil of nutrients. it requires more fertilizer, is polluting, and buffett says unsustainable. >> what is the most important

thing i have? it's not my tractor, my drill, my combine. it's the soil. if you can keep the soil in place, you can increase your production and maintain your production and keep your water clean. conservation agriculture is a huge contributor to the solution of several problems, not just about how we help farmers in rwanda farm better. it's about what it means to farm better. >> on his own farms in south africa, nebraska, and here in illinois, he says both his soil and bottom line remain solidly black. amna: fred's reporting is a partnership with the under told stories partnership at the university of st. thomas in minnesota. ♪

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hello, everyone, and welcome to "amanpour & company." here's what's coming up. >> what we need is a ceasefire. we need to save lives, not to kill more palestinians. >> israel's prime minister says his army will invade